Digital Transformation in Oil & Gas

• Being an Electronics and Instrumentation Engineer, I have a keen interest in Latest Digital Technologies that can make our lives easier. This article is a humble attempt to summarise the information I have been able to gather with my knowledge hunt. Thus comes this short article, "Digital Transformation in Oil & Gas" that is aimed to give the reader an impression about the Digital Technologies in Oil & Gas that can be helpful to take some digital initiatives in our own Organisation.

• From my side, I have developed a small application which is Instruments/Spare List Effective Management using Visual Basic Excel and I have named it "Instrumentation Management System (IMS)". One can download the following working steps file to get an idea: IMS Steps.mht. In case anyone is interested  I will also share my "IMS" prototype which can be useful for now to maintain the Instruments/Spare List Effectively, Print Particular Instrument/Spare Details with a single-click and Identify the Non-Available(Quantity =0) Instrument/Spare List so that we can identify the Non-Available Spare parts earlier and procure them on-time. Maintenance Management is yet to be developed as it is difficult to develop a robust maintenance management system using Visual Basic by including Preventive Maintenance details, Generating reports like Calibration Report, Job Completion Report etc,.. and work orders etc,.. but hopefully I will try to develop it in future. Now coming to the Digital Transformation in Oil and Gas......

·        Preface:

• Recently, ONGC published "Energy Strategy 2040" Report and according to the report, ONGC has a greater vision in investing over "Digital Transformation" by establishing a "Digital Centre of Excellence (DCoE)" under "Renewables, Digital and Technology (RDT)" Team headed by Director (RDT).

• The DCoE will be responible for:

  • Defining and driving the digital agenda

  • Supervising execution and monitoring performance of digital initiatives

  • Building long term capability within ONGC

  • Building and managing ONGC's strategic partnerships in digital 

• Once DCoE is implemented according to the road map 2040 then ONGC can join the pool of Exploration and Production Companies which are focusing on implementing twelve underlying technology drivers that are trying to reshape the E&P Industry by enabling them to achieve three key strategic objectives: increased production, reduced costs, and enhanced efficiency.  

  • Big-data and analytics

  • Cloud computing and storage

  • Collaborative technology platforms

  • Real-time communication and tracking

  • Mobile connectivity and augmented reality

  • Sensors

  • 3D scanning

  • Virtual reality

  • Additive manufacturing

  • Unmanned aerial vehicles

  • Robotics and automation

  • Cyber-security and block chain

• Digital Oil Field & The Great Crew Change

  • Oil and gas (O&G) companies are currently experiencing major disruption. It’s becoming increasingly difficult to find new sources of oil. As a result, exploration and development investments are progressively made in remote and environmentally sensitive areas, adding significant cost and complexity to capital projects. More stringent regulations are increasing constraints on the business. At the same time a generation of experienced employees are retiring from the industry workforce. Exacerbating the current environment is the precipitous drop in oil price, putting the entire industry under pressure.

  • Persistent volatility and production oversupply in global energy markets over the past three years, and the resulting significant and sustained depression of oil prices, have profoundly impacted the entire O&G ecosystem. To thrive in both the current market conditions and the projected future low carbon economy, it will not be enough for most O&G companies to simply enhance the way they currently operate.

  • Today’s market and industry outlook are forcing O&G companies to re-examine core business capabilities, and explore new ways to execute business strategies in a dynamic and volatile marketplace. Whether large or small, national or international, digitalization of key operational workflows in O&G companies will be critical for success in the years to come.

  • Its is estimated that the most of the cumulative experience and knowledge will be lost to the oil and gas industry in the next decade due to huge retirement of engineers in petroleum industries.

  • Therefore, Integrating high-tech systems and digital technologies in the Oil & Gas Industry will improve the efficiency and production.​​

1. Introduction :Key features needed for Operational Excellence in the Oil and Gas Industry

• Digital Transformation

  • IoT & IIoT - Industrial Internet of Things

  • Predictive Analytics and Maintenance Management System

  • Big Data

  • Data Analytics

  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Employees and Workforce

• Improvisation of Ageing Assets

2. Digital Transformation

The end goal of company is to drive digital transformation across the entire operational life cycle to achieve the following factors:

• Improved labor utilization

• Operational Efficiency 

• Simplicity - Speed of execution and processing

• Early Failure warning savings, particularly related to shutdowns

• Increased asset availability in multi-use & multi-purpose facilities

• Reduced maintenance costs

• Better adherence to compliance requirements

• Reduced unplanned downtime

• Improved asset utilization

• Smart Oil Field

  • Real-Time Data

  • Integrated Production Models

  • Integrated Visualization

  • Intelligent Alarming & Diagnostics

  • Enhanced Business Processes & Procedures

3. IoT & IIoT

• IoT - Internet of Things

  • Internetworking of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other things

  • IoT is about consumer-level devices with low risk impact when failure happens.

• IIoT - Industrial Internet of Things

  • IIoT uses more sophisticated devices to extend existing manufacturing and supply chain monitor to provide broader, more detailed visibility and enable automated controls and accomplished analytics.

  • IIoT connects critical machines and sensors in high-stakes industries such as Aerospace, Defence, Healthcare and Energy.

  • Industry 4.0 is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), the internet of things (IoT), industrial internet of things (IIoT), cloud computing, cognitive computing and artificial intelligence.

• IIoT Technologies

  • RFID Technology

    • Logistics and Supply

    • Manufacturing

    • Transportation

  • Well Performance - Emerson Process Management

  • Augmented Reality

  • Edge Technology

  • Machine Learning - Predictive Analytics

  • Effective Asset Monitoring 

  • Computerised Maintenance Management System

  • Enterprise Asset Management​

• Applications of IIoT Technologies implemented

  • RFID Technology implemented by Mojix - https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=PBPWZ5s8jOM

  • Wearables using Augmented Reality

  • DAQRI implemented Worksense Software partenered with Amazon Web Services, SAP (Show - Tag - Guide - Scan - Model) for creating smart glasses and smart Helmet.

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8QpyMRVdYM - DAQRI provided Fabio Perini's Wearable Service Line delivers a new digital revenue channel while increasing Overall Equipment Effectivness for their customers.

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl8EzQgBra4

  • https://daqri.com/worksense/

  • One can even buy it - https://daqri.myshopify.com/products/daqri-smart-glasses

• On a larger scale, businesses that implement IoT can also unlock these benefits:

  • Asset Tracking. The ability to know where each item is at any moment of time

  • Real-time Inventory Management. The ability to control the asset flow in real-time and use real-time information for strategic purposes.

  • Risk prevention/Data privacy. IoT can help ensure better risk management and data security

• Digital Upstream – Following fields can be digitalised

  • Exploration

  • Well Advisor

  • Intelligent Reservoir 

  • Drill Advisor

  • Digital Asset Integrity - Digital Twin

  • Development

  • Drilling

  • Production

• Essential Characteristics of Smart Oil Field

  • IIoT

  • Big Data & Analytics

  • Artificial Intelligence

  • Mobile and Cloud

  • Network and Security

• Applications of Smart Oil Field

  • Using real-time information for delivering safe, reliable and efficient work, well construction company BP is investing in Big Data & AI

  • JATONTEC has successfully conducted initial oil field trial in two major oil fields in China. Deployments are expected to ramp up quickly in the near future.

• Technologies Implemented 

  • DIGITAL TWIN - digital replica of a living or non-living physical entity. By bridging the physical and the virtual world, data is transmitted seamlessly allowing the virtual entity to exist simultaneously with the physical entity.

    • AI - Visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making and translation

    • Cognitive Computing

    • Service Bus

    • Hybrid models

  • Organisations implementing Digital Twin Applications/solutions

    • Aker Solutions

    • GE aircraft engine

    • Kognifai -Kongsberg digital

    • Asset Digital twins -AVEVA

    • Sneider Electric

    • DAQRI

4. Predictive Analytics and Maintenance

Predictive analytics has the potential to revolutionize the operations of an oil and gas enterprise - in upstream, midstream, and downstream. Areas that can benefit from rapid enaction on real-time insights include:

• Maintenance and optimization of assets,

• Product optimization,

• Risk management and HS&E,

• Storage and logistics,

• Market analysis and effectiveness.

• Schneider Electric is just reading the current and doing the IOT for predicting the failure of motors etc,...

• A computerized maintenance management system or CMMS is a software that centralizes maintenance information and facilitates the processes of maintenance operations. It helps optimize the utilization and availability of physical equipments like vehicles, machinery, communications, plant infrastructures and other assets. Also referred to as CMMIS or Computerized Maintenance Management Information System, CMMS systems are found in manufacturing, oil and gas production, power generation, construction, transportation and other industries where physical infrastructure is critical.  A CMMS focuses on maintenance, while an Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) system takes a comprehensive approach, incorporating multiple business functions. A CMMS starts tracking after an asset has been purchased and installed, while an EAM system can track the whole asset lifecycle, starting with design and installation.

• CMMS plays a critical role in delivering reliable uptime by providing:

  • Asset visibility: Centralized information in the CMMS database enables maintenance managers and teams to almost instantly call up when an asset was purchased, when maintenance was performed, frequency of breakdowns, parts used, efficiency ratings and more.

  • Workflow visibility: Dashboards and visualizations can be tuned to technician and other roles to assess status and progress virtually in real time. Maintenance teams can rapidly discover where an asset is, what it needs, who should work on it and when.

  • Automation: Automating manual tasks such as ordering parts, replenishing MRO inventory, scheduling shifts, compiling information for audits and other administrative duties helps save time, reduce errors, improve productivity and focus teams on maintenance — not administrative — tasks.

  • Streamlined processes: Work orders can be viewed and tracked by all parties involved. Details can be shared across mobile devices to coordinate work in the field with operational centers. Material and resource distribution and utilization can be prioritized and optimized.

  • Managing field workforces: Managing internal and external field workforces can be complex and costly. CMMS and EAM capabilities can unify and cost-effectively deploy internal teams and external partnerships. The latest EAM solutions offer advances in connectivity, mobility, augmented reality and blockchain to transform operations in the field.

  • Preventive maintenance: CMMS data enables maintenance operations to move from a reactive to a proactive approach. Data derived from daily activities as well as sensors, meters and other IoT instrumentation can deliver insights into processes and assets, inform preventive measures and trigger alerts before assets fail or underperform.

  • Consistency and knowledge transfer: Documentation, repair manuals and media capturing maintenance procedures can be stored in CMMS and associated with corresponding assets. Capturing and maintaining this knowledge creates consistent procedures and workmanship. It also preserves that knowledge to be transferred to new technicians, rather than walking out the door with departing personnel.

  • Compliance management: Compliance audits can be disruptive to maintenance operations and asset-intensive businesses as a whole. CMMS data makes an audit exponentially easier by generating responses and reports tailored to an audit’s demands.

  • Health, safety and environment: In line with compliance management, CMMS and EAM offer central reporting for safety, health and environmental concerns. The objectives are to reduce risk and maintain a safe operating environment. CMMS and EAM can provide investigations to analyze recurring incidents or defects, incident and corrective action traceability, and process change management.

  • Resource and labor management: Track available employees and equipment certifications. Assign specific tasks and assemble crews. Organize shifts and manage pay rates.

  • Asset registry: Store, access and share asset information such as:

    • Manufacturer, model, serial number and equipment class and type

    • Associated costs and codes

    • Location and position

    • Performance and downtime statistics

    • Associated documentation, video and images such as repair manuals, safety procedures and warranties

    • Availability of meters, sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) instrumentation

  • Work order management: Typically viewed as the main function of CMMS, work order management includes information such as:

    • Work order number

    • Description and priority

    • Order type (repair, replace, scheduled)

    • Cause and remedy codes

    • Personnel assigned and materials used

  • Work order management also includes capabilities to:

    • Automate work order generation

    • Reserve materials and equipment

    • Schedule and assign employees, crews and shifts

    • Review status and track downtime

    • Record planned and actual costs

    • Attach associated documentation, repair and safety media

• Some of the best CMMS Softwares

  • IBM Maximo

  • Hippo CMMS

  • UpKeep Maintenance

  • Smart Sheet

  • EZInventory and many more

5. Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence

• AI has already been incorporated into a number of sectors within the oil and gas industry as part of global efforts to digitally transform exploration and production operations. But what is the future of AI technology in the oil and gas industry?

• The industry seems to have readily accepted digital technologies such as AI, and is optimistic about the potential of this technology.

• Aker BP Improvement senior vice president Per Harald Kongelf said: “The oil and gas industry is facing a rapidly changing digital landscape that requires cutting-edge technologies to cultivate growth and success.”

• IBM senior manager Brian Gaucher said: “Cognitive environments and technologies can bring decision makers together, help them seamlessly share insights, bring in heterogeneous data sets more fluidly, and enable target analysis and simulation.”

• AI Applications

  • HR

  • Finance

  • Maintenance  and Capital Asset management

  • Predictive analysis to get insights for better performance

  • Preventative Maintenance Programs

  • Capital Planning

  • Sustainable environment development

• Case: Biodentify - DNA analysis to find oil

  • Biodentify of Delft, the Netherlands, doing DNA analysis of microbes from soil/ seabed samples to find hydrocarbons

• AI - Drilling Performance Optimization

  • Hole condition Avoidance of stuck pipe

  • Mud Flow IN/OUT Prediction for NPT

  • Drill bit selection

  • Drilling process analysis and breakdown operations

  • Digitalization & AI in logging analysis

• AI - Production Optimizations

  • Gas Lift Optimizations

  • Applied Digitalization & AI - Assets (Asset Integrity)

  • Equipment problems follow a certain course of action able to spot with ML

  • Safety Valve Monitoring

  • Seismic Sections Images to SegY

  • Salt Prediction and Seismic Inversion

• Ground water monitoring

• Fuel Price Prediction using AI

• Applications of Artificial Intelligence adopted by some organisations:

  • In January 2019, BP invested in Houston-based technology start-up Belmont Technology to bolster the company’s AI capabilities, developing a cloud-based geoscience platform nicknamed “Sandy.”

    • Sandy allows BP to interpret geology, geophysics, historic and reservoir project information, creating unique “knowledge-graphs.”

    • The AI intuitively links information together, identifying new connections and workflows, and uses these to create a robust image of BP’s subsurface assets. The oil company can then consult the data in the knowledge-graph, with the AI using neural networks to perform simulations and interpret results.

  • In March 2019, Aker Solutions partnered with tech company SparkCognition to enhance AI applications in its ‘Cognitive Operation’ initiative.

    • SparkCognition’s AI systems will be used in an analytics solution platform called SparkPredict, which monitors topside and subsea installations for more than 30 offshore structures.

    • The SparkPredict platform uses machine learning algorithms to analyse sensor data, which enables the company to identify suboptimal operations and impending failures before they occur.

  • Shell adopted similar AI software in September 2018, when it partnered with Microsoft to incorporate the Azure C3 Internet of Things software platform into its offshore operations.

    • The platform uses AI to drive efficiencies across all sections of Shell’s offshore infrastructure, from drilling and extraction to employee empowerment and safety.

  • Baker Hughes, GE Company and C3.ai Announce Joint Venture to Deliver AI Solutions Across the Oil and Gas Industries

    • Companies will deliver Artificial Intelligence (AI) platform and applications with combined industry and technology expertise to accelerate the digital transformation of the oil and gas industry. -  https://bakerhughesc3.ai

• Big Data Analytics:

  • New Big Data Sources

  • Smart Instrumentation

  • Operations

  • Video Surveillance

  • Financial transactions

  • Chevron uses Hadoop (Big Data -Parallel Programming software) for seismic data processing (IBM BigInsights)

• Data Analytics and Visualization using Tableau

  • With Tableau, you can analyze the data for value that makes you more than a commodity, whether it’s increasing output, reducing downtime, or improving customer service. With an efficient platform for gaining insights across geographies, products, services, and sectors, you can maximize downstream profits and minimize upstream costs. You can also help clients, partners, investors, and the public understand and visualize your value with interactive online dashboards.

  • With Tableau, ExxonMobil has empowered customers to get the answers they need themselves, improved data quality for work in the Gulf of Mexico, and saved a remarkable amount of time—in some cases, up to 95%. ExxonMobil was also building a culture of safety using Tableau

  • Getting ahead of the metrics with data visualizations at GE Oil & Gas

    • Cleaned up dashboards and business quality metrics for reporting

    • Increased data accuracy by 90% compared to previous years

    • Grown reporting and data visualization usage across the business

• Benefits of Adopting Big Data in The Oil Industry

  • According to Mark P. Mills, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, “Bringing analytics to bear on the complexities of shale geology, geophysics, stimulation, and operations to optimize the production process would potentially double the number of effective stages, thereby doubling output per well and cutting the cost of oil in half.”

  • A tech-driven oil field is already expected to tap into 125 billion barrels of oil and this trend may affect the 20,000 companies that are associated with the oil business. Hence, in order to gain competitive advantage, almost all of them will require data analytics to integrate technology throughout the oil and gas lifecycle.

​​6. Conclusion 

• Earl Crochet , Director of Engineering and Operational Optimization, Kinder Morgan said on OPEX Online 2019 conference speaker is that “In-house expertise and third-party expertise, in an ideal situation, should work together. In-house expertise should primarily manage the day-to-day, and the basic design should be supported by ongoing continual support in-house. A lot of this becomes tribal knowledge. However, you may need to rely on third-party expertise to fill in gaps in your knowledge, to help during a transition, or to deal with topics that are too technical and specific to require a full-time in-house professional.”

• Oil and gas companies need to become predictive using technologies that can help them to be aware of what will occur so that they can increase asset availability by:

• Monitoring, to know what is happening right now by gaining a near-real time view of process and asset status.

  • Becoming prescriptive to understand what should happen. This will allow companies to clearly look at the options and make decisions that will optimize operations. - Prescriptive Analytics

  • Becoming descriptive to understand and be able to explain up through management what happened and share these insights with the organization to help make informed decisions. 

  • Today, digital is a key enabler in oil and gas to reduce costs, make faster and better decisions, and to increase workforce productivity.

• Last but not the least, there was one question by Yuval Noah Harari that “As Computer becomes better and better in more and more fields, there is a distinct possibility that computers will out-perform us in most tasks and will make humans redundant. And then the Big Political and Economic question of the 21st century will be, ‘What do we need Humans for?’ or atleast ‘What do we need so many Humans for?’ ”  

By Upendra Chokka

AEE (Instrumentation)

Rajasthan Kutch-Onland Exploratory Asset

ONGC Jodhpur

A new digital twin proxy is set to transform operational efficiency

BY HASSANE KASSOUF, EMERSON AUTOMATION SOLUTIONS

Despite the recent oil price optimism, returning to pre-2013 operational tactics seems unlikely. The demands for digitalization and automation from oil and gas operators are rising at unprecedented speed. By 2020 well over 20 billion Internet of Things (IoT) devices will be connected, with more than 5 billion devices starting to use edge intelligence and computing to usher in the next phase of digital transformation.

Furthermore, volatile oil prices and super-fast drilling operations have become today’s new global normal. It is increasingly difficult to build E&P plans that can be operationally credible and still make financial sense a year or two into execution. A new emerging concept, a proxy digital twin, is starting to bridge this gap by virtually connecting services between all surface and subsurface components of the exploration-to-market value chain. Cloud-based connectivity between device sensors, combined with reservoir artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities that scan massive amounts of geological and historical production data using parallel computing, enables full-scale operational control and collaboration between the subsurface reservoir and across surface operations.

The digital twin impact is beginning to spread from manufacturing, where it initially helped prevent unplanned shutdowns by pinpointing root-cause problems in machinery, into what is called “connected services.” These, for example, use subsurface E&P software to provide data about failures in wells or optimization of production operations and flow farther down the chain.

So what is driving this evolution? Managers are making very high-risk decisions about future investment and development strategies at staggering costs. Conventional production operations are dated, expensive, time-consuming and uncollaborative, leveraging only a negligible fraction of data relative to the volumes collected. To provide some context, Emerson Automation Solutions’ research, in step with industry data, shows that more than 65% of projects greater than $1 billion fail, with companies exceeding their budgets by more than 25% or missing deadlines by more than 50%.

To reverse current industry trends of capital project cost and schedule overages, subsurface knowledge must be made available at the speed of surface operations. Today, digitalization is making that possible. Software will connect surface and subsurface technologies with automation and control systems, modeling and simulation systems, and human operations. The Industrial Internet of Things and AI are driving the speed and scale at which Big Data can be translated into actionable findings and reproduced across asset value chains. What is the outcome? Accelerated operations, increased recovery factor and minimized capex are all at reduced risk. Predictive analytics directly translates to operational and project efficiency.

How is it that industrial automation players can lead this transformation? They have a front-row presence in digital transformation initiatives of thousands of clients and their organizations. What Emerson has observed is that if a cross-organizational digital adoption culture is established in advance, then product and IT automation stands a chance. Once actionable data starts flowing through a connected Big Loop via an AI-enabled software infrastructure, more holistic questions about how to improve the bottom-line business value will emerge. Patterns will start to surface from the activity. Oil and gas users will be encouraged to ask questions like: where exactly will maintenance be planned in the hydrocarbon flow process from the reservoir to the well to the pipeline to improve HSE practices, or does it make sense to build a predictive model for data flowing from sensors to allocate the right equipment? That is when and where breakthroughs will happen. Insightful questions can be asked, not just about today’s problems, but about future problems as well.

By leveraging predictive analytics, machine learning and IoT-connected sensors, it is possible to improve E&P operations by intelligently using greater masses of data, including seismic, production and historical drilling, to help validate and perpetually refine predictive reservoir models. Reservoir-driven digital collaboration also optimizes production and flow from upstream into midstream and downstream operations, eliminating the remaining area of pervasive inefficiencies.

Related articles

First cyber attack on unguarded SIS reported

Jan 16, 2018

One of the first—if not the first—documented cyber attacks on a safety instrumented system (SIS) was reported on Dec. 14 by the FireEye and Dragos  blogs, which each released reports about the incident. Their news was acknowledged the same day by Schneider Electric, which supplied the equipment and software affected.

Named either Triton, Trisis or HatMan, this malware reportedly gained remote access to an SIS engineering workstation running Schneider Electric's Triconex safety system at a critical infrastructure facility in the Middle East, and sought to reprogram its SIS controllers. Though the malware doesn't use any inherent vulnerability in Schneider Electric's devices, the malware's intrusion was possible because the user's equipment had allegedly been left in "program" mode, instead of being switched to "run" mode that wouldn't have allowed reprogramming. However, a subsequent mistake by the malware was detected by the SIS, which triggered a safe shutdown of the application.

"It appears the attacker had access to the safety control system and developed its malware over several weeks," says Andrew Kling, director of cybersecurity and architecture at Schneider Electric. "On Aug. 4, there was a mistake in the malware that was picked up by the Tricon equipment. As a result, the safety instrumented system took the process to a safe state and tripped the plant."

Kling reports that Schneider Electric learned its customer's safety system was affected within a few hours, and has been investigating it along with the user's security team, FireEye, and the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS). Reports of the incident went mainstream when FireEye and Dragos posted news about it on Dec. 14 on their blogs.

"It's likely a plant shutdown wasn't the intended result of the malware," explains Kling. "It’s clear that this was a specific attack against a specific site, and not viral or weaponized. Had the plant not tripped, it’s likely the malware would have gone unnoticed.” 

Consequently, Kling stressed it's important for process control users not to overreact in response to the Triton attack, and instead make sure their cybersecurity programs are up to date and sufficient to meet existing threats. "As reported by FireEye and Dragos, a series of missteps by the Triconex user enabled this attack to happen," says Kling. "For example, the SIS was connected to the network demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the enterprise level, and that enabled access to the SIS. The attackers were able to break into a Microsoft Windows workstation where Triconex and the SIS model were located, and probably most significantly, the Tricon’s memory protection functions (a physical key on the front panel) had been left in program mode, which allowed the Tricon’s memory to be altered by the attackers."

Kling describes Schneider Electric's short-, medium- and long-term mitigation strategies for cybersecurity incidents:

• Short-term consists of recommending that users follow standard and documented security practices, which include putting memory switches on the front of their Tricon units in run mode when not actively being programmed, which will protect their memory from intentioanl or accidental writes, and then removing and securing the key.

• Medium-term advice is that users consider doing a site assessment, and develop an updated cybersecurity plan. Kling states, “The security plan should be part of any company’s risk management plan. A regular review of the site and plan is a best practice.”

• Long-term involves Schneider Electric and its users jointly working with DHS and other security professionals to develop more and better protections against these and other cybersecurity threats and attacks.

"The problems highlighted by this one incident are not peculiar to Triconex and represent an opportunity for the industry to reflect upon the strategies we use to protect our plants,” explains Kling. "We're not trying to sweep any of this under the rug. This is a very public effort, and we want open communications to get information out to everyone, so the whole cybersecurity community can help solve these challenges.”

Control global article

Coming Soon to Your Ethernet Network: Time Sensitive Networking

By David Greenfield

You’ve probably been hearing some talk about Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) over the past year or two but are likely not sure what it does, if products exist with the capability to do it, or how relevant it is to your operations. Based on what I heard at the ODVA 2015 Industry Conference, however, your awareness of TSN will be changing dramatically very soon.

But first, just what is TSN? To understand this concept, it helps to know the purpose of the IEEE Time Sensitive Networking Task Group, which is to “provide the specifications that will allow time-synchronized, low-latency streaming services through 802 networks.” Essentially, TSN is all about equipping industrial Ethernet networks with the level of determinism users came to expect from their legacy fieldbus networks, which has become increasingly difficult with the greater incorporation of AV (audio visual) streaming data on industrial networks. TSN, with its focus on handling AV traffic, is complementary to the Precision Time Protocol (PTP)—an IEEE 1588 standard which, according to Cisco, synchronizes with nanosecond accuracy the real-time clocks of the devices in a network.

Explaining application of TSN in EtherNet/IP networks during the ODVA conference, George Ditzel of Schneider Electric and Paul Didier of Cisco highlighted the current status of the technology.

Currently, you can’t buy any products with TSN capabilities, said Didier, as TSN is “not completely deployed today; it’s still in process of ratification. But you will be seeing products in the next year or two.”

Didier and Ditzel noted that TSN ratification will occur soon, adding that AVnu is working on making the TSN standard “interoperable and certifiable,” thereby making TSN “valuable for the ODVA community as an Ethernet enhancement.”

During their presentation, Didier and Ditzel highlighted three specific aspects of TSN: Time Aware Traffic Shaping, Frame Pre-Emption, and Stream Reservation Protocol.

Time Aware Traffic Shaping references the role of TSN as it works with PTP. Time aware traffic shaping sets up to eight different queues of priority for scheduled and reserved traffic on an Ethernet network, with a time aware gate determining how messages are sent. This means that periodic control and I/O traffic are delivered in specific traffic slots to provide determinism.

Didier added that work is being done now on communication ingress into the network so that devices will have an “awareness of knowing when control traffic should come in and be expecting it. Which means that if it (communication) comes later or earlier than expected, it could be an indication of something wrong with a device on the network or even a security issue.”

Frame Preemption means that, as traffic comes into a device, if an unknown frame arrives that could affect timing, that frame can be partitioned so that portions of it can proceed as needed to keep the scheduled time slot valid and then complete the other portions of the frame later. Another option is to use the guard channel, which sends the unknown frame at a later time without partitioning it. Ditzel explained that there are pros and cons to each option, but each can be a valuable method of managing CIP (Common Internet Protocol) traffic.

Stream Reservation Protocol refers to the establishment of class levels for multiple streams of TSN traffic. For example, you can have a Class A stream for control network communication, which will block outside device communication from being part of the control network’s TSN. “This guarantees control timing,” said Didier. In such a case, a Class B stream could be established to, for example, handle video camera data streams used in quality inspections. Didier and Ditzel explained that some packets could be thrown out in cases of severe network congestion in the same way that Ethernet can drop frames in such instances. But Stream Reservation Protocol ensures that, if you’re adding large streaming apps—such as audio or video—it won't take priority over TSN-based control communications.

Ditzel said this is simply a “reflection of the way Ethernet works now” but added that work is being done now to buffer that data rather than drop it. He added that if your network resources are adequate to handle the two streams, then both classes of communication will get through.

https://www.automationworld.com/coming-soon-your-ethernet-network-time-sensitive-networking

Automation Networks: From Pyramid to Pillar

One way of doing this is to use TSN edge switches to connect end devices to the TSN network. “Of course, determinism will depend on the capabilities of the end device,” said Kleineberg, “But having non-deterministic devices on the network won’t impede the deterministic ones.”

Another approach is to swap out existing protocol masters/controllers with TSN-capable ones. “This approach allows you to keep your end devices as they are,” Kleineberg said. “Using a TSN-capable protocol master/controller, you can port your automation protocols to be transported over TSN. The master synchronizes the protocol schedule with the TSN schedule and allows the automation protocol to be transported seamlessly over TSN. This allows a step-by-step approach to TSN for brownfield plants because they can keep all their existing, protocol-specific devices and just change out the masters. Once that’s done, the devices can be changed out one by one over time. In the meantime, by transporting the automation protocol through TSN, connectivity between old and new devices can be maintained.”

Lund pointed out that, even without having all TSN-capable devices on your network, the plant can still get distinct benefits from having a TSN network in place. Kleineberg explained the reason for this: “Even if the end devices are non-deterministic or not TSN capable, their communications will travel over the TSN network. As the communications from those devices merge onto the TSN network, they will be handled deterministically,” he said.

As exciting as the potential is for TSN, Kleineberg and Lund agree that the technology is currently overhyped. Despite that, both say that real industry interest in it is growing exponentially.

“TSN is currently just a Layer 2 technology; it needs the development of application protocols to advance further,” said Kleineberg. He admits that some pushback against TSN does exist from suppliers that prefer to use proprietary networks. “But the farther those suppliers get away from standard Ethernet, the harder it will be for them,” he said. “End users are very positive about developments like TSN that promise to bring standard networks to the plant floor.”

https://www.automationworld.com/automation-networks-pyramid-pillar

Open-source computers arrive for monitoring and control

Don't stop us if you've heard this one. "One of our co-op students this summer was looking for the Raspberry Pi he was using to set up an HVAC damping system, and asked the 25 people at our daily huddle," says Sandra Buffett, P.Eng., founder and CEO at Jordan Engineering Inc., a CSIA-member system integrator in Niagara, Ontario. "After the huddle, one guy asked, 'What's this pie everyone's talking about?' "        

(Cue drum-and-cymbal.) Ba-dum, chhh!

While unfamiliar terms are quickly cleared up, learning new concepts and technologies usually takes longer. Even those in-the-know at Jordan aren't all Raspberry Pi experts yet. "We began learning about it when one of our chemical compounding clients put one on the back of a wall-mounted TV monitor with an Ethernet jack and WiFi to display alarms and notifications on their plant floor," says Buffett. "This let them go from a typical LED display scrolling text, and upgrade to more graphics, colors and maybe dashboards, and gain those capabilities with less expense."

Buffett reports some of Jordan's engineers bought a couple of Raspberry Pi kits and adapters two years ago, started playing with one, and gave the other away at one of its annual automation workshops. "We're very relationship-based, and we partner with our clients for a long time," explains Buffett. "We've been holding our workshops for the past 14 years. They usually include staff presentations and project demos, and give everyone a chance to sit down and swap useful information. This past May, we did workshops in three cities for the first time, and gave away Raspberry Pis to 150 clients with help from Schneider Electric Canada, which has been a close partner for 18 years."

During the workshops, Schneider Electric conducted a lab for attendees to explore Raspberry Pi. "To open their minds to its possibilities, groups at each table came up with different ideas about how to use Raspberry Pi, such as monitoring the weather, energy prices, interest rates and inventory costs, which could empower their operators by helping them make better decisions on the best times to make their products," adds Buffet. "Our co-op student completed the design of his demo project to dampen the HVAC system in a two-story house, and deliver more heat to the lower floors in winter and more cooling to upper floors in summer.

"We're not using Raspberry Pi on plant floors or for critical or safety controls. It's best for monitoring and non-critical functions right now, and making small improvements you couldn't do otherwise. Many users like us have little applications that used to be prohibitively expensive to monitor and control. Well, now we can do them. We don't think of Raspberry Pi as taking away from PLCs and DCSs because it can also do monitoring and provide alerts to them."

Read the complete article Open-source computers arrive for monitoring and control.pdf|View Details

Digital Twin Spawns Automation Efficiencies

By Beth Stackpole , Automation World Contributing Writer, on June 6, 2017

At Rockwell Automation, the whole premise of the digital twin is to remove the need for the physical asset, whether it’s to test the actual hardware or control systems, notes Andy Stump, business manager for the company’s design software portfolio. Rockwell’s Studio 5000 Logix Emulate software enables users to validate, test and optimize application code independent of physical hardware while also allowing connectivity to third-party simulation and operator training systems to help teams simulate processes and train operators in a virtual environment.

In this context, a digital twin can be employed to provide a safer, more contextualized training environment that focuses on situational experience. “It helps with emergency situations, starting up and shutting down—things you don’t encounter ever day,” Stump explains.

A digital twin of a control system created in the Logix Emulate tool could also be tapped for throughput analysis, Stump adds, ensuring, for example, that a packaging machine could handle a new form factor without having to actually bring down the machine to test the new design. “Any time you take a machine out of production, it’s expensive,” he says. “If you can estimate that a machine is going to be down 60 percent of the time running what-if scenarios in a digital twin, there’s a lot of money to be saved.”

Moving forward, Rockwell will leverage new technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) to enhance its vision for a digital twin. At the Hannover Fair in April, the company demonstrated a next-generation, mixed-reality virtual design experience using its Studio 5000 development environment with the Microsoft HoloLens VR headset.

For Siemens, the concept of a digital twin straddles both product design and production. In a production capacity, the digital twin exists as a common database of everything in a physical plant—instrument data, logic diagrams, piping, among other sources—along with simulation capabilities that can support use cases like virtual commissioning and operator training. Comos, Siemens’ platform for mapping out a plant lifecycle on a single data platform, and Simit, simulation software used for system validation and operator training, now have tighter integration to support more efficient plant engineering and shorter commissioning phases, says Doug Ortiz, process automation simulation expert for Siemens. In addition, Comos Walkinside 3D Virtual Reality Viewer, now with connectivity to the Oculus Rift Virtual Reality 3D glasses, enables a more immersive experience, allowing plant personnel to engage in realistic training and virtual commissioning exercises, he says.

“Customers want to get plants from the design stage to up and running in the shortest period of time and these tools are paramount for that,” Ortiz says. “The digital twin is great to use for any plant for the lifecycle of that unique plant.”

Improved maintenance opportunities

While most companies in the automation space are settling in with the digital twin for roles in operator training, virtual commissioning and optimization, there is still not a lot of activity leveraging the concept for predictive and preventive maintenance opportunities. The exception might be GE Digital, which is clearly pushing this use case as its long-term vision.

GE Digital sees four stages of analytics that will be impacted by digital twin and IoT:

• Descriptive, which tells plant operators information about what’s happening on a system like temperature or machine speed.
• Diagnostics, which might provide some context for why a pump is running at over speed, for example.
• Predictive, which uses machine learning, simulation and real-time and historical data to alert operators to potential failures.
• Prescriptive, which will advise operators about a specific course of action.

GE Digital showed off a digital twin representation of a steam turbine to showcase what is possible in the areas of predictive and prescriptive maintenance at its Minds + Machines conference last November.

“A digital twin is a living model that drives a business outcome, and this model gets real-time operational and environmental data and constantly updates itself,” said Colin J. Parris, vice president of software research at GE Global’s research center, during the presentation. “It can predict failures…reduce maintenance costs and unplanned outages, and…optimize and provide mitigation of events when we have these types of failures.”

Though the digital twin is certainly making headway in production, it’s still in its early days. “Digital twin is definitely hot right now, but it really depends on what the customer is trying to achieve and what they are trying to model,” says Bryan Siafakas, marketing manager in Rockwell Automation’s controller and visualization business, adding that it’s just a matter of time. “There is a huge upside in terms of productivity savings and shortened development cycles.”

https://www.automationworld.com/article/topics/industrial-internet-things/digital-twin-spawns-automation-efficiencies

Why the “Edge” is Important for the IIoT in the Energy Industry?

•Introduction

•What is IoT/IIoT
•IoT Challenges/Concerns in the Energy Space
•Edge Data Collection and Analytics
•Edge Benefits
•Cost of IoT Edge Implementations

Why the Edge is Important for the IIoT in the Energy Industry.Steve S. Kepware.pdf|View Details

edge-iiot-energy-whitepaper.pdf|View Details

Internet-Ready Actuators and a World in Motion

Actuators—whether powered by electricity, air or some type of fluid—are an integral part of creating movement in any production process. Long viewed as commodities, with strict limits on form factorsr="ltr" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"> 

“To put electronics into pneumatic actuators you would have to change their size in terms of length and width, so they would no longer fit the NFPA standards,” explains Mark Densley, head of product management for controls at Aventics.

Makers of pneumatic systems like Aventics are getting around this barrier by using sensors as a bridge to access device data such as speed, velocity or whether cushioning is deteriorating. “Sensors allow us to manipulate data and turn it into something we can interpret and transmit over Ethernet using the OPC UA standard, which provides a universal language for communicating between different machines,” he says.

Maintenance is another challenge that must be overcome in the transition to devices that use electronics, according to Densley. “Workers who are familiar with how pneumatic devices work may not know as much about electronics or control systems,” he says. “It’s up to us as a manufacturer to make it easy.”

Smart pneumatic monitors are able to communicate using many different standards and are completely independent, so they don’t interfere with process control running on fieldbus. Software modules are optimized for typical pneumatic applications, such as pressured air consumption, leakage detection by consumption monitoring and correlation with process information, wear monitoring for actuators and shock absorbers, and counting switching cycles.

 “Intelligent pneumatics combine hardware, electronics, software and data,” Densley explains. “While the increasing volume of data transfer will stress controls and IT networks, local data analysis and creation of information can provide a solution. Decentralizing valve electronics, for example, will support modularization and networking.”

Encouraging proper maintenance

Transitioning to IoT could help overcome a perennial problem at many manufacturing sites: the attitude that equipment should be run to failure rather than following proper maintenance practices. “Equipment often isn’t maintained or is subjected to heavier duty use than it was designed for, so that it fails when people don’t expect it,” Densley says. “When Ethernet and the Internet make condition monitoring and predictive maintenance easier, companies will begin to see the advantages because they’ll experience less downtime and greater productivity from their equipment investment.”

Manufacturers usually focus on three priorities when they adopt an IoT architecture: condition monitoring, lifecycle analysis and energy efficiency. “For example, control valves usually have a lifecycle of 140 million cycles. Using web access to monitor cycle counts allows you to predict when the valve will fail,” Densley explains. “The capability to generate this data is built into the valve and the I/O module can transmit the information to an OPC server or a gateway.”

Plant personnel are less interested in knowing exactly what’s going on with the actuator than in how the equipment and the production process are performing, he adds. “With two-position sensing, for example, you can monitor when a cylinder enters the cushioning area and when it leaves. This helps you determine if shock absorbers are wearing, which would tell the operator to use more air in the process.”

It’s not just manufacturers that want to know how well machines are operating. OEMs have a vested interest as well, Densley says. “OEMs make money selling spare parts, but not until the warranty expires. They’re looking at remote monitoring as a way to prevent downtime while a machine is under warranty, because they don’t want to have to pay the cost of fixing it.”

www.automationworld.com

Robotic Drill Floor for Unmanned Operations

Robotic Drilling Systems is developing a fully electric and robotic drill floor for fast, seamless and fully unmanned operation of pipes and tools. The company has collaborated with Energid Technologies and Odfjell Drilling to build and implement this robotic drilling system. When designing it, the company came up with three major innovations: electric drill-floor machines (such as electric roughneck and electric pipe handler, to allow for precise operation), a dynamic robot control system to add flexibility to operations, and a drill-floor robot to replace manual operations. The system can be used on new builds or retrofitted to existing rigs. Early studies indicate potential savings of up to 40 rig days per year per rig. Beyond decreasing rig time, improving HSE and reducing operating costs, a full robotic system provides other benefits, such as less downtime, faster installation, lower noise and energy consumption, and reduced CO2  emissions.

Source: World Economic Forum White Paper (Jan 2017)dti-oil-and-gas-industry-white-paper.pdf|View Details

Look at a video on robotic drilling systems Robot Drilling.mp4|View Details

What is Industrial Internet Of Things (IIOT)?

It is 3:0gies but also increasing intelligence, allowing assets on the edge to interpret and filter their own data into information, and then expose it via standard formats documented as web APIs.

Indeed, to fully realize the benefits IoT has to offer, OT assets will need to be designed with web technologies built directly into them, such as HTTP for interaction, SSL/ TLS encryption and authentication for data security, and JSON for data format. This approach is available today and is called RESTful architecture.

Getting started with the IoT today

If you’re excited about the possibilities the IoT offers for your application—or if you just want to be prepared for the future—here are some ideas to get started now. Start small The Internet of Things is a big concept with lots of moving parts. Developing a strategy to begin implementing IoT in your business doesn’t have to be complicated. Start small and experiment. The IoT is a concept, an idea, not a hard-and-fast set of rules. It’s a method of looking at disparate systems and asking ourselves, what if those two machines could talk to each other? What could we learn if we could quickly pull any data we wanted and look for correlations between datasets? Over time, getting different devices to communicate with each other will become easier and easier. Educate A good place to start is to learn about new technologies that are involved with the IoT. If you’re coming from the process control and industrial automation side of the OT/IT convergence, it’s a good idea to bone up on your basic networking skills.

• Learn how Ethernet switches and routers move data across the internet.

• Know what an IP address is and understand the potential need for IPv6.

• Get an overview of various web technologies and programming languages.

You certainly don’t have to be a networking expert. But a general familiarity with these technologies will only make your life easier as the OT/IT convergence picks up momentum. Be aware that important new skills will be required in your organization. Networking is one of those; other key skills are in programming languages and architectures (such as RESTful), and definitely in network security.

2173_Your_IoT_Primer_white_paper.pdf|View Details

How oil companies lead charge to open, secure, interoperable process control systems

In the process industries, end users face many similar forces: endoflife and obsolete equipment and facilities, increasingly mega and complex projects with evertightening deadlines, and unfortunately, some control suppliers unwilling to provide interoperable components and networking. Users have coped with these occupational hazards for decades, of course, but now they're compounded by tightening margins due to reduced energy prices from fracking and plentiful supplies of natural gas and oil.

“A lot of our systems are becoming obsolete, and we need to replace them and continue to add value. Traditional DCSs weren't solving our business problems, so in 2010, we began an R&D program and in 2014, we developed functional characteristics we could take to the process industry,” says Don Bartusiak, chief process control engineer at ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co. (EMRE). “Our vision is a standards based, open, secure, interoperable process automation architecture, and we want to have instances of the system available for on-process use by 2021.”

Breaking the interoperability barrier.pdf|View Details

Light fidelity (Li-Fi) presents a fast, safe, secure alternative to radio-frequency networks.

Read the complete article.......... 

Read more.............

IIoT Technology Trends to Watch for in 2017Recommendations

End users and OEMs alike should embrace, rather than resist, the positive disruptive change that IIoT brings. IIoT’s initial focus should be on asset management and avoiding downtime. Automation suppliers must help their customers calculate the ROI justification needed to invest in these new IIoT solutions.  Legacy assets must remain a part of, and be integrated into these latest IIoT technology solutions, wherever possible.  All in all, these trends and changes make this a very exciting time to be in the automation space, and the future is likely to be even brighter.

• Dramatic advancements in technology are driving the Internet of Things, creating more tools for industrial automation
• IoT is starting to create a world that is more connected, including customers, manufacturing processes, and supply chains.
• The danger with new, “shiny” technology is not staying focused on goals to achieve competitive manufacturing.

Read the InTech Magazine › 2016 / Nov-Dec › Cover Story: IOT impact on manufacturing. This article describe the current state of IoT and associated technology.

IoT impact on manufacturing

Technology shifts have worldwide implications, enabling more manufacturers to compete

• Cloud computing: Cloud computing leverages shared resources and economies of scale similar to an electric utility. The cloud deliverscomputing power and massive storage on demand. This model transforms a traditional capital expenditure of investing in dedicated hardware to an operating expenditure where you "pay as you go" or pay for use. One advantage is enabling users to focus on projects instead of infrastructure and software administration details. Cloud storage, for example, can be used as a plant historian. The constraint on cloud computing communications is latency, because it is remote.
• Cloud analytics: Cloud analytics for predictive maintenance, optimization, and other use cases is a way to provide powerful analysis without having to invest in local computing.
• IoT: High-volume Internet of Things products and applications are driving the creation of low-cost, high-power computer chips with integrated communications and low-cost sensors to be the bedrock of cyber-physical systems.
• Edge computing: Edge-of-network devices, including Ethernet switches, sensors, actuators, and video cameras, are incorporating open, embedded computing platforms that allow users to download executable applications.
• Embedded analytics/rules: Embedded computing in edge devices, sensors, and actuators enables analytics and rules engines running distributed in the field (e.g., wireless analyzers attached to an electric motor frame that relays operational and predictive maintenance information).

​

An interesting article on AI. 

What are the Difference between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning?

Artificial intelligence is the future. Artificial intelligence is science fiction. Artificial intelligence is already part of our everyday lives. All those statements are true, it just depends on what flavour of AI you are referring to.

For example, when Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo program defeated South Korean Master Lee Se-dol in the board game Go earlier this year, the terms AI, machine learning, and deep learning were used in the media to describe how DeepMind won. And all three are part of the reason why AlphaGo trounced Lee Se-Dol. But they are not the same things.

The easiest way to think of their relationship is to visualize them as concentric circles with AI — the idea that came first — the largest, then machine learning — which blossomed later, and finally deep learning — which is driving today’s AI explosion —  fitting inside both. Read more .......

Interesting article on cloud based automation........

A prototype for hosted cloud-based automation, monitoring & historian application that provides CNG Fueling/Marketing companies with the ability to monitor their assets, analyze production, and assist their customers (from their current positions) to locate and get maximum information for nearby CNG stations. Since this application is a web-based service, the only thing users need to start monitoring their field devices is an internet connection, a browser and a password. The prototype also includes a Mobile application that will run a on any smartphone or tablet device. (Read more.....)